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走马

陈粒

Lecture 13:定语从句

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Lecture 13:定语从句

13.1 定语从句基本概念#

13.1.1 定语#

定语从句和主从复合句

  • 定语从句是主从复合句当中的一种;

什么是定语

  • 定语:
    1. 当表达的信息少时,可以用一个词来作为定语;
    1. 当表达的信息量比较大时,就需要一个句子来限定名词,此时就是一个句子作为定语,放在名词后来限定、修饰名词;

13.1.1 定语从句#

定语从句基本概念

  • 核心:一个句子作定语,修饰限定名词,放在所修饰名词后;
  • 结构:
    • 英语:which 修饰前面的 discipline,放在名词后;
    • 中文:法律是一门鼓励…判断的学科;
    • Pasted image 20240316010531.png
      Pasted image 20240316010531.png

先行词与关系词

  • 举例
    • Law is a discipline which encourages responsible judqment.
      • 拆分前:
        1. Law is a discipline.
        1. A discipline encourages responsible judgment.
    • a discipline:先行词,是被修饰的成分;
    • which(A discipline):关系词,通过这个词引出了从句的部分;
  • 关系词作用
      1. 引出定语从句;
      1. 在定语从句中作成分,等于前面的先行词;

13.2 定语从句的使用#

13.2.1 定语从句的写法#

定语从句的结构

  • 位置:放在先行词(n.)之后
  • 写法:
      1. 先写上陈述句,一主一谓,前主后谓;
      1. 填入合适的关系词,根据先行词找关系词;
  • 图示:
    • Pasted image 20240316011330.png
      Pasted image 20240316011330.png

13.2.2 先行词和关系词#

先行词和关系词选词

  • 先行词:事/物
    • 关系词:which/that
  • 先行词:人
    • 关系词:who/whom/that
    • 注意:先行词为人,whom 只能在作宾语的时候使用(不能再作主语的时候使用);
  • 先行词:人的/物的(表示人或物的所有关系,“某人的/某物的)
    • 关系词:whose
  • 先行词:时间
    • 关系词:when
  • 先行词:地点
    • 关系词:where
    • 注意:where 除了可以表示地点,还可以表示范围;

举例

    1. 先行词是事/物,关系词选择 which/that;
    • Teachers need to be aware of the emotional, intellectual, and physical changes ___ young adults experience.
      • 选择 that;老师需要意识到,年轻人需要的改变;
    • Furthermore, the legal system and the events which occur withinit are primary subjects for journalists.
      • 表示事务的时候,which 和 that 都可以使用;
    1. 先行词是人,关系词选择 who/whom/that;
    • In France, shareholders __ ==hold onto a company investment forat least two years== can sometimes earn more voting rights in acompany.
      • 在法国,股东持有公司的股份至少两年的,才可以获得投票权;
      • 这里股东是类似于人的对象,并且股东是持有投资,因此是作为主语 -> 使用 who 或者 that ;
    1. 先行词是人/物,表示人或物的所有关系,关系词选择 whose;
    • It also pledged to not deploy Al __ international laws or human rights use would violate.
      • AI … 的使用 -> whose;
      • AI 虽然是事务,但是是表达使用,所以也是使用 whose;
    • This, for those as yet unaware of such a disadvantage, refers to discrimination against those whose surnames begin with a letterin the lower half of the alphabet.
    1. 先行词是时间,关系词选择 when;
    • It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time ___ high-quality arts criticism could be found in most big-city newspapers.
      • 填入 when;
    1. 先行词是地点,关系词选择 where;
    • Today, we live in a world where GPS sustems, digital maps, andother navigation apps are all available on our smartphones.
    1. 先行词是原因,关系词选择 why;
    • The other reason why costs are so high is the restrictive guild-likeownership structure of the business.

13.2.3 定语从句关系词注意事项#

  1. 定语从句中的每一个关系词都必须作成分,包括 that。That 既可以指人又可以指物;
  2. 定语从句中的先行词是“事/物”时,关系词用 which 和 that 都可以, 不需要区分,因为考研中不考;
  3. Whom 指人,只能在作宾语时使用; 而 who 和 that 指人,可以作任何成分;
  4. 关系词在定语从句中作宾语时 (及物动词后的宾语或介词后的宾语),都可以省略;
  5. 补充:特殊关系词 whereby = by which

13.3 限定性与非限定性定语从句#

13.3.1 限定性与非限定性定语从句基本概念#

举例

  • 限定性定语从句:He will call his friend who is working in London.
  • 非限定性定语从句(绝对明确):He will call his mother, who is working in London.
  • 非限定性定语从句(先行词范围相对明确):This trend, which we believe is still in its infancy, effectivelybegan with retailers and travel providers such as airlines andhotels and will no doubt go further.

分类

  • 图示:
    • Pasted image 20240318230310.png
      Pasted image 20240318230310.png

13.3.2 补充 1:限定性定语从句与同位语从句#

限定性定语从句与同位语从句的区别

  • 同位语从句
    • 目的:解释说明:n.解释说明:n.
    • 位置:抽象 n. 后
    • 和 that 的关系:n.+that 从句,that 不做从句的成分;
  • 限定性的定语从句
    • 目的:限定修饰:n.限定修饰:n.
    • 位置:任意 n. 后(抽象或不抽象的n.后都行)
    • 和 that 的关系:n.+that 从句,that 作从句的成分;

举例

  • One possible response is for classical performers to program attractive new ==music== that is not yet available on record.
    • music:先行词;
    • that:关系词;
    • music 不是抽象名词,所以后背接的不是同位语从句,而是定语从句;
    • 并且 that 作为成分,所以也可以说明这是定语从句;
  • The ==idea== that some groups of people may be more intelligent thanothers is one of ==those hypotheses== that dare not speak its name.
    • 这句话当中有两个 that 从句,并且都是跟在名词后 -> 跟在名词后,所以要么是同位语从句,要么是定语从句;
    • 第一个 that 是解释说明The idea,所以是同位语从句;
    • 第二个 that 做成份,表示… 样的假设,所以是定语从句;
  • … We unconsciously imitate the behavior (that) we see every day.
    • 这里的 that 省略;
    • 结论:如果出现 名词+主谓名词 + 主谓,全部都是定语从句

13.3.3 补充 2:修饰整句话的定语从句#

特殊的非限定性定语从句,补充说明整句话

  • 用法:
      1. 补充说明整句话时,只可以使用 逗号+which逗号+which 或者 逗号+as逗号+as
      1. which 只能放在逗号后,as 可以放在前后;

举例

  • Most fisheries are well below that, which is a bad way to do business.
    • which 是修饰前面整件事情,因此是修饰整句话;
  • A few generative rules are then sufficient to unfold the entirefundamental structure of a language, which is why children canlearn it so quickly.
    • which 修饰前面整件事;
    • 这里面的 which 还可以换成 as;
  • Nevertheless, as any biographer knows, a person’s early life andits conditions are often the greatest gift to an individual.
    • as 指示的是整件事情;

13.3.4 补充 3:介词提前的定语从句#

介词提前的定语从句介词+whom/which介词+whom/which

  • 介词可以提前,也可以不提前;
  • 如果介词提前了,则此时关系词只能使用 which:指事务;who:指人

举例

  • Grade forgiveness allows students to retake a course which ==they received a low grade== in
    • 原本是在 which 前面作为 in which;
    • 介词可以提前:Grade forgiveness allows students to retake a course in which they received a low grade…
  • … Commercial genetic testing is only as good as the reference collections which ==asample is compared== to.
    • as … as:同级比较;
    • to 可以提前:commercial genetic testing is only as good as the reference collections to which a sample is compared.
  • Television is one of the means by which these feelings arecreated and conveyed…
    • by which:通过

13.3.5 内容要点#

  1. 定语从句的概述: 一个句子做定语,修饰限定名词,放在所修饰的名词后;
  2. 定语从句的写法: 关系词 +陈述句(重点是关系词的选择);
  3. 定语从句的分类: 限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句;
  4. 定语从句的补充 (1)限定性定语从句与同位语从句的区别 (2)特殊的非限定性定语从句 (补充说明整句话) (3)介词提前的定语从句

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Lecture 13:定语从句
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