Lecture 10:
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14 分钟
Lecture 10:
10.1 非谓语动词基本概念
非谓语的地位:非谓语动词在句子当中,既可以做扩展,也可以作为核心;
10.1.1 什么是非谓语动词
基本概念
- 非谓语动词:
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- 依然是动词;
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- 但是不作为谓语存在;
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- 为什么需要非谓语动词
- 因为一个主谓宾句子只能有一个谓语,因此如果此时句子里面还需要加动词,则新加的动词就变成了非谓语动词;
- 非谓语动词只是动词的一种变形形式;
10.1.2 谓语动词如何使用
什么时候使用非谓语动词
- 句子当中已经有谓语时,此时新加入的动词都是非谓语动词;
非谓语动词一共三种
doingdoing动词单独出现时,一定是非谓语,反之不一定(因为可以和时态里面搭配出现,此时是谓语);-
- 当名词用时:动名词
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- 当动词用时:动词
donedone动词单独出现时,一定是非谓语,反之不一定(因为可以和时态里面搭配出现,此时是谓语);
to do- 无论是否单独出现,一定是非谓语;
非谓语动词的两类用途
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- 做核心成分:
- 相当于名词,在谓语动词的前后,作主语、宾语、表语(核心成分);
- doing/to do:这两种可以相当于名词使用;
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- 做扩展成分:
- 修饰名词/句子,作定语/状语 (扩展成分);
10.2 作主语、宾语、表语使用
非谓语动词作主语、宾语、表语使用时,为句子的核心成分;
10.2.1 主语、宾语、表语区分
区分方法:谓语动词前面的是主语,谓语动词后面的是宾语、表语;
注意:Doing 和 To Do 可以作主语、宾语、表语,Done 不可以;
10.2.2 Doing 与 To Do 作主语
非谓语动词 doing/to do 作主语
- 从动词 do 变成 doing/to do,即可作为主语;
- 举例:
- laughing probably has little influence on physical fitness.
- 非谓语动词作主语
->表达一件事情,此时用单数; - 如果有很多个事情的时候,可以用复数;
非谓语动词可以和其他组分结合
- 举例:
- Doing
->Doing something:Making friends is extremely important to teenagers. - 以 doing 作为主语:On the other hand, putting your faith in the wrong place often Carries a high price.
- 整件事情是以 doing(putting)作为主语;
- 以 To Do 作为主语: to anticipate every imaginable driving situation is a difficult Programming problem.
- Doing
Doing 和 To Do 的区别
Doing和To Do作主语,意思差别不大;- 主要的区别:非谓语动词的位置不同;
- 非谓语动词可以放前面;
- 非谓语动词可以放后面:当非谓语动词作主语太长时,此时可以将其放到后背,然后使用形式主语 It 来代指主语;
- 举例:
- 放前面:to anticipate every imaqinable driving situation is a difficult Programming problem.
- 放后面:*It is a difficult Programming problem to anticipate every imaqinable driving situation.
- 放前面:To do so is important.
- 放后面:It is important to do so.
- 常用形式:
- Doing:在考研中,放句子首更多;
- To Do:在考研中,放在句尾、用 It 来代指的更多;
- 例句模板:
- 模板:It takes sb. Some time to do sth.
- 示范:So it seems paradoxical to talk about habits in the same context as creativity and innovation.
10.2.3 Doing 与 To Do 作宾语
位置一:动宾:位于及物动词之后;
- 使用:Doing 和 To Do 都可以作动宾;
- 场合:及物动词后,非谓语动词 doing/to do 作宾语
- 举例:
- Fortunately, the White House is starting to pay attention.
- 幸运的是,白宫正在付出注意力了;
- The decisions made it more difficult for states to collect salestax on certain online purchases.
- 宾语长也可以往后放,作形式宾语;
- 但是只有在主谓宾补时才可以这样放,在前面用 It 代指形式宾语;
- 因为如果是主谓宾结构时,宾语已经是最后一个部分,往后放也没有地方了;
- 宾语长也可以往后放,作形式宾语;
- Fortunately, the White House is starting to pay attention.
位置二:介宾:位于介词之后;
- 使用:只有 Doing 可以做介宾;
- 举例:
- The framers of the Constitution envisioned law as having authoritu apart from politics.
- as:介词,后背只能接宾语 Doing ;
- Thinking is essentially a process of making connections in the Brain.
- of:介词,后背是 Doing 的词组;
- Thinking:也是 Doing 形式;
- The framers of the Constitution envisioned law as having authoritu apart from politics.
10.2.4 Doing 与 To Do 作表语
哪些是表语: 位于系动词后背的就是表语;
- Doing/To Do 都可以作表语;
- 举例:
- The trick is to direct these funds better.
- to do 作表语;
- The trick is to direct these funds better.
- 补充 1 :非谓语动词 doing 也可以作表语,跟在系动词后,但在考研英语中几乎不太出现,不用掌握;
- 补充 2:
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- 主系表结构中,主语和表语都可以用非谓语动词 doing 或 to do;
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- 但如果前后同时使用时,请注意前后保持一致,即主语和表语同时都用 doing 或 to do;
- 举例:
- 可以
->Seeing is believing. - 不可以
->Seeing is to believe.
- 可以
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10.3 作定语、状语使用
非谓语动词作定语、状语时,在句子中为扩展成分;
10.3.1 基本概念
定语与状语
- 非谓语动词修饰名词
->定语; - 非谓语动词修饰动词、句子
->状语; - 都是修饰作用,依靠于它们修饰谁;
非谓语动词
- doing:表示主动;
- done:表示被动;
- to do:表示目的;
10.3.1 非谓语动词作定语
非谓语动词修饰名词,作定语
- 只有知道当前修饰的对象
->修饰的名词是意思上的主语->才有参照物->才可以知道主被动; - 前置定语与后置定语
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- 短的往名词前面放:前置定语;
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- 长的往名词后面放:后置定语;
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- 中文当中:只要是修饰名词,都是往前放;
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- 举例:
- The human nose is an __ (underrate) tool.
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- 已经有谓语 is,所有下划线为非谓语动词;
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- 下划线部分在 an 和 tools 之间,所以肯定是修饰 tool 的
->名词前,前置定语;
- 下划线部分在 an 和 tools 之间,所以肯定是修饰 tool 的
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- Tool 是被低估还是低估?工具的被低估的
->underrated;
- Tool 是被低估还是低估?工具的被低估的
- 完整句子:The human nose is an underrated tool.
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- They include materials __ (sponsor) by energy industry associations.
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- Sponsor 是否要用非谓语?They include 当中主谓已经搭配好了。所以 sponsor 为非谓语;
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- Sponsor 修饰谁?修饰的是 materials(就近修饰);
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- 材料是被赞助还是赞助别人?后背有 by:所以是被赞助;
- be done 和 done:意思一样,如果是谓语动词时,此时使用 be done,如果时非谓语动词,此时用 done;
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- Sponsored (done),表示:被能源行业赞助的材料;
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- It also raises questions concerning “Values”.
- concering 是表示:questions 涉及到了价值 values,因此是 questions 主动涉及到的。所以使用 doing;
- A team of researchers working together in the laboratory would submit the results of their research to a journal.
- A team of researchers 主动在一起工作,所以是 working;
- Permission to run a nuclear plant is a public trust.
- The human nose is an __ (underrate) tool.
10.3.2 非谓语动词作状语
非谓语动词修饰句子,作状语
- 举例:
- In just one generation, millions of mothers have gone to work, __ (transform) basic family economics.
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- 分析整个句子的主语:millions of mothers
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- 她们是主动改变了,还是被改变了?是她们改变了家庭的基本状况;
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- transform
->thansforming;
- transform
- 补充:如果为了是表示的是目的,也可以使用 to transform:去改变基本的家庭经济;
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- __ (Enrage)by Entergy’s behavior, the Vermont Senatevoted 26 to 4 last year against allowing an extension.
- 参议院被激怒了,所以是 Enraged;
- 补充:只要是单个出现的 done 就是非谓语;
- To test this idea, he turned to the university-admissions process.
- People are…. Poor at considering background information when making individual decisions.
- Depending on the comments received, the editor would acceptthe paper for publication or decline it.
- In just one generation, millions of mothers have gone to work, __ (transform) basic family economics.
10.4 总结
10.4.1 方法总结
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- 非谓语动词,还是动词,但是不作谓语了。当简单句中“一主一谓”已经搭配好时,多余的动词一律变为非谓语动词。
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- 非谓语动词一共有三种:doing/done/to do,to do 永远是非谓语动词;
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- 非谓语动词的用法:
- 相当于名词,在谓语动词的前后,作主语、宾语、表语(核心成分)
- doing
- 作主语
- 作宾语
- 跟在及物动词后
- 跟在介词后
- 作表语(少)
- to do
- 作主语:哦通常位于句子尾部,句首时用形式主语 it 指代;
- 作宾语:跟在及物动词后,不能用于介词后;
- 作表语:跟在系动词后;
- doing
- 修饰名词作定语 OR 修饰名词作状语(扩展成份)
- doing:表示主动;
- done:表示被动;
- to do:表示目的;
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- 注意非谓语动词词组的完整性;
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- 如果是及物动词,要后接宾语;
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- 还可以再加入解释说明、修饰限定的形容词、副词和介词短语,构成一个较长的非谓语动词词组。
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- 结论:先判断是否是非谓语动词,然后判断是主动还是被动;
- 如果是 ed 结尾,主动就是谓语,被动就是非谓语;
10.4.2 考场攻略
攻略一:非谓语动词词组的完整性
- 不要只盯着一个单词,要把非谓语词组完整找到;
- 举例:
- The networked computer offers the first chance in 50 years to reverse the flow, to encourage thoughtful downloading and… Meaningful uploading.
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- 在 The networked computer offers the first chance 中,谓语已经有了,所以其他动词都是非谓语;
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- Networked computer 表示被联网的电脑,是被动的非谓语动词;
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- To reverse:目的是逆转这个 flow(潮流、趋势);
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- To encourage:目的是鼓励有意义的下载和上传;
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- The networked computer offers the first chance in 50 years to reverse the flow, to encourage thoughtful downloading and… Meaningful uploading.
攻略二:准确找到非谓语动词修饰的对象
- 判断清楚非谓语动词修饰的对象是谁;
- 方法:
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- 前后直接按着名词,修饰名词;
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- 有逗号、句号隔开,修饰句子;
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- 举例:
- Passing the cafe, I saw a friend.
- 经过了这个咖啡厅,我看见了一个朋友;
- Archaeologists commonly use computers to map sites and the landscapes around sites.
- to map:考古学家使用电脑的目的是为了画图,所以画图修饰的是整个句子;
- Passing the cafe, I saw a friend.
攻略三:准确找到非谓语动词作主语、宾语、表语
- 由于句子中的描述对象,句子中的主语宾语表语是非多变;
- 方法:
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- 先找谓语动词(三态+一否);
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- 以谓语动词为分界线,前面的就是主语,后面的就是宾语、表语;
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- 举例:
- In adulthood, looking at someone else in a pleasant way can bea complimentary sign of paying attention.
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- 找谓语动词,情态动词用原型的 can be:In adulthood, looking at someone else in a pleasant way can be a complimentary sign of paying attention.
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- 谓语动词为界,前面的为主语:In adulthood, looking at someone else in a pleasant way can be a complimentary sign of paying attention.
- 以非谓语动词的 doing 作主语;
- 两个介词短语:at、in;
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- Paying attention 中 pay 在 of 后,用非谓语动词;
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- The main purpose of this “clawback” rule is to hold bankers accountable for harmful risk-taking and to restore public trustin financial institutions
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- Is 为谓语动词;
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- 主语为名词词组:The main purpose of this “clawback” rule;
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- 主系表结构,后背是表语:to hold bankers accountable for harmful risk-taking and to restore public trustin financial institutions;
- 两个非谓语动词:to hold 和 to restore;
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- In adulthood, looking at someone else in a pleasant way can bea complimentary sign of paying attention.
攻略 4:非谓语动词的去留
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- 在句中作主语、宾语、表语,是核心成分,简化句子时要保留;
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- 在句中作定语、状语,是扩展成分,简化句子时暂时先去掉不看。
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