Lecture 14：状语从句

14.1.1 什么是状语从句#

状语从句概述

• 概述：
  • 一个句子作为状语；
• 状语：
  • 状：不可名状 -> 没有办法用语言来描述；
  • 所以状：表示解释、描述；
• 状语从句：
  • 一个句子作状语，表达“描述性的信息”，补充说明另一个句子（主句）；
  • 补充信息的描述可以是时间、结果、地点等；

14.1.2 状语从句的写法#

状语从句的结构

• 结构：

  • 

• 从属连词：
  • 1. 后背的句子是完整的陈述句，简单就可以写出来；
  • 2. 从属连词表示什么意思，这句话就表达什么意思；

举例

• When ==the United States built its industrial infrastructure==, it didn’t have the capital to do so.
  • 前面的 When the United States built its industrial infrastructure 用于补充说明后背的”没有能力做这件事”；
  • 这里的 when 构成时间状语从句；
• We did not evolve, because ==machines and societu did it for us==.
  • 因为由 because 连接，所以表示原因状语从句；

14.1.3 状语从句的位置#

状语从句的位置：围绕着主句，可以在主句的前面、后面、中间，意思一样，使用时推荐使用主句前和主句中；

三种位置之：主句前

• As ==the economy picks up==, opportunities will abound for aspiring leaders.
  • As 引出的时间状语从句；

三种位置之：主句后

• Opportunities will abound for aspiring leaders, as ==the economy picks up==.

三种位置之：主句中

• Opportunities, as ==the economy picks up==, will abound for aspiring leaders.

14.2.1 时间状语从句#

时间状语从句：

• when / while /as
• before / after
• Since / until
• As soon as
• By the time
• each time /every thme
• The next time

举例

• But in some cases, one marketer’s owned media become another marketer’s paid media-for instance, when ==an e-commerce retailer sells ad space on its Web site==.
  • 但在某些情况下，一个营销人员的自有媒体会成为另一个营销人员的付费媒体——例如，当电子商务零售商在其网站上出售广告位时；
  • 这里的 when 引出时间状语从句；
• In 1995 the United States can look back on five years of solid growth while ==Japan has been struggling==
• Communities throughout New England have been attempting to regulate short-term rentals since ==sites like Airbnb took off in the 2010 s==.
  • 自从像 Airbnb 这种网站起飞后；
• …by the time 100 percent of the evidence is in, it may be too late.

14.2.2 地点状语从句#

地点状语从句：where

举例

• Now, rivals will be charging sales tax where ==they hadn’t before==.

14.2.3 原因状语从句#

原因状语从句：

• because
• Since
• As
• Now that
• In that：因为…

举例

• However, because ==these connections are made through effort and practice==, scientists believe that intelligence can expand and fluctuate according to mental effort.
  • because：原因状语从句
• Now that ==you have developed a topic into a tentative thesis==, you can assemble your notes and begin to flesh out whatever outlineyou have made.

14.2.4 结果状语从句#

结果状语从句：注意不是一个词，而是词组

• such… that….
  • 后面接名词与名词词组；
• So… that…
  • 后面接形容词、副词；
• So that….
  • 表示所以；

举例

• We define such sold media as owned media whose traffic is so strong that other organizations place their content or e-commerce engines within that environment.
  • traffic：即可表示交通，也可以表示流量（明星、商品）
  • so 后背接形容词：strong；
• Transitions should connect one paragraph to the next so that there are no abrupt or confusing shifts.

14.2.5 目的状语从句#

目的状语从句：一般表示目的的时候，句子当中会有情态动词 -> 表示一种可能性，而不是结果，所以使用 so that 的时候是目的状语从句而不是结果状语从句；

• so that…..
• In order that…..

举例

• In December 2010 America’s Federal Trade Commission (FTC) proposed adding a“do not track”(DNT) option to internet browsers, so that ==users could tell advertisers that they did not want to be followed==.
  • so that + could：表示目的状语从句；

14.2.6 条件状语从句#

条件状语从句：

• if
• unless：如果不、除非
• once
• as long as / so long as

举例

• If ==connections can be bought==, a basic premise of democratic society… Is undermined
• The US Supreme Court frowns on sex-based classifications unless ==they are designed to address an “important” policy interest==.
• If you see a conversation as a fight or competition, you can win by cheating as long as ==you don’t get caught==.

14.2.7 让步状语从句#

让步状语从句：让步 -> 明着的意思是让步，暗含着的是转折的意思；虽然…、尽管… + 但是…

• although / though
• even if / even though
• while

举例

• The defining term of intelligence in humans still seems to be the IQ score, even though ==IQ tests are not given as often as they used to be==.
  • even though：尽管 IQ 测试并没有被给出、和过去相比一样的频繁；
• While ==the quality of legal journalism varies greatly==, there is an undue reliance amongst many journalists on interpretations supplied to them by lawyers.
  • 尽管法律的记录质量差异很大，但它们都依靠法律记者对他们基于一样法律的解释；

12.2.8 比较状语从句#

比较状语从句：

• than：用于比较级
• as：专门用于同级比较

举例

• But phones run on batteries, and batteries can die faster than we realize.
  • than 引出比较状语从句；
• In the general population today, at this genetic, environmental level, we’ve pretty much gone as far as ==we can go==…

12.2.9 方式状语从句#

方式状语从句：

• as：按照… 方式做；
• as if：似乎/好像是以… 方式做的；

举例

• During most of his walking life he will take his code for granted. as the businessman takes his ethics.

总结：as 的使用

• 核心：作从属连词，引导状语从句；
• 分类：
  • 时间状语从句：当……时候
  • 原因状语从句：因为……
  • 比较状语从句：和……相比较
  • 方式状语从句：按照……方式，如同……