Lecture 19：断开长难句之连接词

19.1.1 三类常用连接词#

并列连词 -> 并列句

• and
• but
• or

从属连词 -> 状语从句

• because
• if
• while
• although
• as

关系词 -> 名词性从句和定语从句

• what
• who
• whom
• which
• when
• where
• why
• whether
• whose

19.2.1 连接词的使用#

使用

• 1. 前后是否为句子
  • 首先需要判断，连接词接的是不是句子；
  • 连接词前后必须得是句子；
• 2. 找到句子结束的地方

从句的范围

• 概念：
  • 从句开始于连接词，结束于三种位置；
• 三类结束位置：
  • 步骤1. 结束于标点；
  • 步骤2. 结束于下一个连接词前；
  • 步骤3. 结束于第二个谓语动词之前；
• 两种从句类型：
  • 类型一：开火车
    • 结束位置：1 和 2
    • 句子1 + 连接词/标点 + 句子2 + 连接词/标点 + 句子3 …
  • 类型二：大句包小句
    • 句子 1：#####(句子 2&&&&&)####
    • 结束位置：3
      • 小句子要结束在大句子的谓语动词之前；
      • 如果每句当中断开后，都有一个谓语动词，则为断开成功。如果使用标点和连接词断开的句子中，有句子没有谓语动词，则此句子往后找第二个谓语动词，第二个谓语动词前、连接词后的，为需要断开的句子；
• 补充 1：
  • 并列连词不能断的两个例外：
  • 1. 位于句首的并列连词不能用于断开，因为句首的并列连词服务于上句话；
  • 2. 并列句后背的句子不完整时，不能断。比如并列句后背的句子缺少谓语动词时，不能断开；
• 补充 2：
  • 如果连接词的前后不是句子，则这个连接词无效，不需要从这里断开

补充：关于 $-ed$ 结尾的动词

• 过去式 -> 谓语；
• 过去分词 -> 非谓语；
• 判断方法：
  • 意思是主动的 -> 谓语动词；
    • We used the car for 2 years.
  • 意思是被动的 -> 非谓语动词；
    • This is a used car.

19.2.2 断开连接词举例：结束于标点+连接词#

举例

• One of the reasons why the appointment came as such asurprise, however, is that Gilbert is comparatively little known.
  • 断开前的准备工作：数谓语动词
    • 注意：不要数非谓语动词；
    • 谓语动词：三态+一否（三态：时态、情态、语态）；
  • 第一步：找谓语动词
    • One of the reasons why the appointment came as such asurprise, however, is that Gilbert is comparatively little known.
    • 注意：is … Know 是一个
  • 第二步：找连接词
    • why、that
    • One of the reasons why the appointment came as such asurprise, however, is that Gilbert is comparatively little known.
  • 分开后：
    • 先看主句，再看从句
    • One of the reasons why…, however, is that….
    • Why the appointment came as such a surprise, however
    • That Gilbert is comparatively little known.
• The digital services tax now awaits the signature of PresidentEmmanuel Macron, who has expressed support for the measure. And it could go into effect within the next few weeks.
  • 谓语动词：awaits、has expressed、could go
  • 两个连接词：，who 和 ，and
  • The digital services tax now awaits the signature of PresidentEmmanuel Macron, who…, and…
  • Who has expressed support for the measure.
  • And it could go into effect within the next few weeks.
• Some species of trees have been “read out of the party” byeconomics-minded foresters because they grow too slowly, orhave too low a sale value to pay as timber crops.
  • 注意：并列句如果不完整，则不能断开
  • 句子一：Some species of trees have been “read out of the party” byeconomics-minded foresters because…, or…
  • 句子二：Because they grow too slowly, or have too low a sale value topay as timber crops.
    • 其中的 , or 因为句子不完整，不能断开；
• Today they argue that market prices overstate losses, becausethey largely reflect the temporary illiquidity of markets, not thelikely extent of bad debts.
  • 谓语动词：argue、overstate、reflect
  • 标点：第一个逗号有用，第二个逗号没用，因为后背没有谓语动词了；
  • 从绝：that、because
  • 断成三段；
    • Today they argue that…, because…
    • that market prices overstate losses,
    • Because they largely reflect the temporary illiquidity ofmarkets, not the likelu extent of bad debts
• But take a longer view and there is a surprising amount that wecan sau with considerable assurance.
  • 谓语动词：take、is、can say
  • 连接词：but、and、that，但是句首的 but 没有用；
    • 句首的并列连词不能用于断开句子；
  • But take a longer view and… that..
  • And there is a surprising amount
  • That we can say with considerable assurance.
• Now the nation’s top patent court appears completely ready toscale back on business-method patents, which have beencontroversial ever since they were first authorized 10 years ago.
  • Now the nation’s top patent court appears completely ready toscale back on business-method patents, which… Ever since…..
  • Which have been controversial
  • Ever since they were first authorized 10 years ago.
• The principle of British welfare is no longer that you can insureyourself against the risk of unemployment and receiveunconditional payments if the disaster happens.
  • is、can insure、receive、happens
  • 虽然是四个谓语动词，但这里右 and receive，并列句不完整，要和前面共享成分 -> 不断开；
  • that、and、if
  • The principle of British welfare is no longer that.. If…
  • That you can insure yourself agginst the risk of unemployment andreceive unconditional pauments
  • if the disaster happens.
• In the idealized version of how science is done, facts about theworld are waiting to be observed and collected by objectiveresearchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work.
  • In the idealized versionfacts about the world are waitingof how to be observed and collected by objective researchers who…..
  • How science is done,
  • Who use the scientific method to carry out their work

19.2.3 断开连接词举例：结束于谓语动词#

举例

• The hardest task that television asks of anyone is to turn thepower off after he has turned it on.
  • 确定谓语动词：asks、is、has turned
  • 第一次断开：根据连接词断开
    • The hardest task
    • that television asks of anyone is to turn thepower off
    • after he has turned it on
    • 断开失败，因为第一句The hardest task 当中没有谓语动词；
  • 如果每句当中断开后，都有一个谓语动词，则为断开成功。如果使用标点和连接词断开的句子中，有句子没有谓语动词，则此句子往后找第二个谓语动词，第二个谓语动词前、连接词后的，为需要断开的句子；
  • 第二次断开：找第二个谓语动词
    • The hardest task … Is to turn thepower off…
    • that television asks of anyone
    • after he has turned it on
• Until now, many sellers that have a physical presence in only asingle state or a few states have been able to avoid chargingsales taxes when they ship to addresses outside those states
• Second, the majority of people who use networked computers toupload are not even aware of the significance of what they aredoing.
  • Second, the majority of people … Are not even aware of the significance of
  • who use networked computers toupload
  • what they aredoing.