Lecture 24：平行结构

24.1.1 基本概念#

概念

• 概念：
  • 平行结构：又称之为并列结构，几个成分并列在一起、重要性相同；
• 特点：
  • 1. 平行、并列的多个成分之间，必须词性相同、形式一致的；
    • 想并到一起的，必须词性一致，比如 介词、介词、介词
    • 而且还得形式一致；
  • 2. 依靠并列连词（或者并列词组） 连接在一起，四类并列连词；
    • 所以：并列句就是平行结构当中的一种；
    • 四类连词：and、but、or、nor、not only（not just…but alse）、also
    • 标点：逗号、分号
    • 即：平行并列的成分之间，一般是词性相同、形式一致的；
• 注意：
  • 如果多个成分并列，中间并列连词相等，此时可以前面的连词省略，替换使用逗号；

三步法：找到平行结构

• 第一步：
  • 找到并列连词；
• 第二步：
  • 往并列连词后看，看接的内容是什么形式；
• 第三步：
  • 往前找和它形式一样的

关于并列结构的数量

• 情况一：
  • 如果句子当中是两个成分并列
  • 则此时只需要直接使用 and 连接即可：1 and 2
• 情况二：
  • 如果是句子当中是多个成分并列，比如有 1、2、3 个成分
  • 则此时只需要在最后一个句子前使用 and 成分：1，2，and 3
  • 或者五个句子是：1，2，3，4 and 5

24.1.2 平行结构分类#

四类结构

• (一)名词 (词组)的平行并列
• (二)动词 (谓语动词、非谓语动词)的平行并列
• (三)介词短语的平行并列
• (四)句子的平行并列

24.2.1 名词、词组的平行并列#

举例

• The English, the Germans, the Dutch and the French were investing in Britain’s former colony.
  • 找主语 -> 找谓语动词 -> were inveting -> 主语：The English, the Germans, the Dutch and the French <- 四个内容并列在一起；
  • 图示：

    • 

• The networked computer is an amazing device, the first mediamachine that serves as the mode of production, means ofdistribution, site of reception, and place of praise and critique.
  • 图示：

    

  • as：作为什么来服务 -> 四种服务：
    • 1 the mode of produetion
    • 2 means of distribution
    • 3 site of reception
    • 4 and place of praise and critique.
  • 注意：可以对平行的内容进行标数字；

24.2.2 动词的平行并列#

概念

• 注意：
  • 谓语、非谓语都可以平行并列；
• 技巧：
  • 想知道当前并列连词中被并列的部分是从哪里到哪里，可以看并列连词（比如 and）后背的第一个词，看其词性。其前半部分的句子中属于这个词性的词语就是前半部分被并列句子的开始；

举例

• The process sweeps from hyperactive America to Europe andreaches the emerging countries with unsurpassed might.
  • 两个谓语动词被并列；
  • 图示：

    

• It allows us to have perspective on our lives-the ability to nottake ourselves too seriously, to laugh at ourselves, to see the bigger picture, and to see that things will work out.
  • 并行结构；to do 非谓语动词并列；

  • 

• Two and three-dimensional maps are helpful tools in planning excavations, illustrating how sites look, and presenting the results of archaeological research
  • 都跟在 in 后背的非谓语动词（doing）并列；
  • 图示：

    

• The financial crisis has made it more acceptable to be between jobs or to leave a bad one.
  • 结构：主谓宾补
    • 主语：The financial crisis
    • 谓语：has made
    • 宾语：it（形式宾语）
    • 补语：more acceptable to be between jobs or to leave a bad one
  • 真正的宾语：to be between jobs or to leave a bad one
    • 平行结构；
  • 图示：

    

24.2.3 介词短语的平行并列#

举例

• … He advocated freedom of thought and of personal expression.
  • 图示：

    

  • 两个介词并列，一起修饰前面的 freedom；
• Mental health allows us to view others with sympathy if they arehaving troubles, with kindness if they are in pain, and withunconditional love no matter who they are.

  • 

• So disciplines acquire a monopoly not just over the production ofknowledge, but also over the production of the producers of knowledge.

24.2.4 句子的平行并列#

举例

• the problem is not merely that people do bad science, but that aoour current sustem of career advancement positively encourages it.
  • 并列连词：not merely … But…
  • 图示：

    

• The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly becausethe explanatory items often seem to be directly observed andpartly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find.

  • 

• However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independentlyin capuchins and humans, or whether it stems from the commonancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, anunanswered question.
  • 两个主语从句；
  • 由于第一个主语从句太长，所以使用逗号停顿；

24.2.5 补充：多个平行结构#

补充

• 概念：
  • 一般多个平行并列的时候，只有最后一个会使用 and；

举例

• The development of the Elizabethan drama for the next twenty-fiveyears is of exceptional interest to students of literary history, forin this brief period we may trace the beginning, growth, blossoming, and decay of many kinds of plays, and of many great careers.
• For the time, attention, and money of the art-loving public, classicalinstrumentalists must compete not only with opera houses, dancetroupes, theater companies, and museums, but also with the recordedperformances of the qreat classical musicians of the 20 th century

24.2.6 补充：无并列连词的平行结构#

举例

• “Those first few days should be spent looking for work, notlooking to sign on,” he claimed.